Oleh: M Iskak Wijaya
Pramoedya Ananta Toer benar ketika berkata: “Orang boleh pandai setinggi langit, tapi selama ia tidak menulis, ia akan hilang di dalam masyarakat dan dari sejarah. Menulis adalah bekerja untuk keabadian.”
Adalah sebuah kemustahilan untuk mampu memahami dan merasakan pengalaman hidup orang lain secara penuh dan lengkap. Dalam hal Kartini, siapa yang mampu memahami dan merasakan pergolakan pikiran, jiwa, batin, semangat, spiritualitas, beserta seluruh kekuatan dan unsur kejiwaan yang menyertainya?
Tapi, seperti pernyataan Pram di atas, karena Kartini menulis maka kita beruntung untuk sedikit mengenal dan mencoba memahami hidup, pikiran, dan perjuangannya. Kartini menemukan sebuah jalan untuk keluar dari kebuntuan nalar dan budaya zaman saat itu, yakni berpikir dan berbicara bebas melalui tulisan serta surat-suratnya.
Tidak semua perempuan Nusantara khususnya perempuan Jawa di akhir dan di awal abad XX memiliki etos untuk membangun wacana lewat tulisan atau teks. Namun Kartini melakukannya lewat sastra tulis. Menulis menjadi bagian normal kehidupan, menjadi perlawanannya.
Dalam perjalanan kesejarahan, sebuah teks dalam wujud tulisan merupakan salah satu bentuk riil dari pembebasan nalar dalam pikiran. Sebuah teks bukan hanya mewakili penulisnya untuk tampil, melainkan lebih dari itu teks menjadi penulis itu sendiri secara utuh dan penuh. Teks menjadi hidup karena ia hadir sebagai diri sang penulis yang berani menyatakan dirinya secara terbuka. Teks membuat seseorang keluar dari penjara gelap diri yang diam, lebih-lebih yang tertindas.
Pada teks-teks surat Kartini, kita mendapatkan sosok perempuan yang memberontak, yang berani keluar dari kuldesak atau jalan buntu kebudayaan dan peradaban. Surat merupakan cara terbaik bagi Kartini untuk pergi ke tempat yang lain, sebagai lawan dari tubuhnya yang dipenjara. Melalui surat-surat itu Kartini sesungguhnya sedang memberikan peringatan yang sangat penting bagi kemanusiaan dan kebangsaan.
Salah satu sumber terlengkap tentang surat-surat Kartini adalah karya yang diedit serta diterjemahkan oleh Joost Coté, Kartini. The Complete Writings 1898–1904, yang diterbitkan oleh Monash University Publishing tahun 2014. Dengan jumlah 900 halaman, Joost Coté telah berusaha untuk mengumpulkan penelitian-penelitian di jurnal-jurnal dan beberapa sumber di catatan lain, bahkan mengambil beberapa tulisan Kartini yang telah dipotong oleh editor pertama JH Abendanon ketika mempersiapkan naskah untuk diterbitkannya. Buku ini dapat membuka penelitian selanjutnya yang lebih dalam sekaligus lebih luas.
Surat-surat Kartini ini menjadi sangat penting bukan hanya untuk kajian sejarah sastra atau literatur di Belanda maupun di kalangan akademis internasional serta Indonesia sendiri, tetapi juga untuk pemahaman dalam studi budaya, analisis pascakolonial, nasionalisme, kepekaan jender, kuasa paternalistik/ patriarkhi, rasisme, hak asasi manusia, pendidikan, ekonomi, politik, analisis kritis terhadap hukum, kritik agama, etika, kesenian, ideologi transnasional, dan lain-lain.
Kejujuran dalam surat-surat yang ditulis Kartini dengan nada-nada yang tajam – sebuah cara pandang mewakili perempuan yang terkungkung di zaman itu – menjadi corak yang sangat mengejutkan di masanya. Dengan didukung berbagai bacaan yang dia terima, Kartini melampaui batas-batas nalar sosial-budaya-politik kala itu.
Lantas, bagaimana menelusuri kembali teks atau tulisan surat-surat Kartini itu? Sejauh pembacaan saya, para peneliti masih sangat terbuka membaca dan memahami Kartini melalui beberapa metode dan pendekatan, di antaranya model penelitian kualitatif berbasis dokumen atau literatur tertulis (written documents/ written literature), di antaranya adalah:
ANALISIS ISI. Teknik penelitian ini berhubungan dengan komunikasi atau isi komunikasi. Melalui analisis isi, peneliti menekankan konteks isi komunikasi dalam tulisan dan surat-surat Kartini, membaca simbol-simbol, fenomena, dan makna isi interaksi di dalamnya. Kita bisa menggunakan “Analisis Isi Pragmatis” atau “Analisis Isi Semantik”, misalnya berapa kali Kartini menggunakan kata ‘agama’ atau ‘budaya’ atau ‘wanita’; berapa banyak kata-kata itu dirujuk, disebut, dan dikarakteristikkan secara khusus, yang dapat mengakibatkan munculnya sikap kritis pada dirinya.
ANALISIS SEMIOTIKA. Analisis ini memahami dunia sebagai sistem “tanda”. Analisis semiotika mempelajari hakikat tentang keberadaan suatu tanda. Dalam tanda ada sesuatu yang tersembunyi dibaliknya dan bukan merupakan tanda itu sendiri. Tulisan dan surat-surat Kartini merupakan tanda atau kode atau sistem yang menempatkan dirinya berdasar kebudayaan tempat tanda itu bekerja alias kebudayaan di zaman Kartini hidup.
Kita bisa memakai ragam analisis semiotika, misalnya:
- a) Semiotika Analitis untuk menganalisis sistem tanda tulisan dan surat;
- b) Semiotika Deskriptif, memerhatikan sistem tanda yang terjadi dalam kehidupan Kartini, meskipun ada tanda yang sejak dahulu tetap ada (isu dan citra kolonialisme serta penindasan perempuan, tradisi membaca dan menulis, seni dan kerajinan yang dipinggirkan, dll);
- c) Semiotika Kultural, menelaah sistem tanda yang berlaku dalam kebudayaan masyarakat di masa Kartini (kebangsawanan dan kuasa lelaki, tuntutan pada perempuan untuk menjaga nada suara, sikap, perilaku, pakaian, cara berjalan, dll);
- d) Semiotika Naratif, menelaah sistem tanda dalam narasi yang berwujud mitos dan cerita lisan (mitos lelaki sebagai penguasa perempuan, cerita tentang wayang kulit yang tidak boleh diukir, dll);
- e) Semiotika Natural, menelaah sistem tanda yang dihasilkan oleh alam (situasi dan kondisi alam di Jepara khususnya);
- f) Semiotika Normatif, menelaah sistem tanda yang dibuat oleh manusia yang berwujud norma-norma (situasi adat istiadat dan norma budaya di era akhir dan awal abad XX);
- g) Semiotika struktural, menelaah sistem tanda yang dimanifestasikan melalui struktur bahasa (struktur, gaya, serta bentuk kata dan kalimat);
serta ragam analisis semiotika lainnya (semiotika konotasi, semiotika ekspansionis, semiotika behavioristik, dll).
METODE HERMENEUTIKA. Metode ini berkaitan dengan bahasa atau semua aspek kebahasaan dalam kehidupan manusia. Secara harfiah dapat diartikan sebagai penafsiran atau interpretasi. Cara kerja sederhana dari hermeneutika adalah bahwa metode ini melakukan penafsiran terhadap bahasa melalui penafsiran gramatikal dan psikologis. Gramatikal adalah cara bagaimana orang membahasakan suatu bahasa di mana ia melakukan pembahasan dan bagaimana ia berbahasa. Sedangkan penafsiran psikologis adalah apa yang dapat ditangkap dari makna yang terkandung dalam setiap pembahasan itu.
Melalui telaah hermeneutika kita bisa melihat lebih dalam keinginan Kartini sebagai perempuan untuk bebas dan mandiri, khususnya dalam mengenyam pendidikan di bangku sekolah. Juga keinginan Kartini menolak adanya dominasi lelaki terhadap perempuan. Pengalaman dan latar belakang Kartini sebagai anak selir menjadi alasan kuat dalam memperjuangkan emansipasi wanita. Tidak hanya itu, adat Jawa yang terlalu mengekang perempuan pun turut memotivasi Kartini untuk berjuang membebaskan diri atas nama perempuan.
ANALISIS WACANA DAN PENAFSIRAN TEKS. Analisis wacana merupakan salah satu cara mempelajari makna pesan sebagai alternatif lain akibat keterbatasan dari analisis isi. Analisis ini memiliki prinsip yang hampir sama dengan beberapa pendekatan metodologis, seperti analasis struktural, pendekatan dekonstruksionisme, interaksi simbolis dan hermeneutika, yang semuanya lebih menekankan pada pengungkapan makna yang tersembunyi.
Sebuah tulisan adalah sebuah wacana, baik wacana lisan dan wacana tulis. Wacana mencakup tidak hanya percakapan atau obrolan, tetapi juga pembicaraan di tempat umum, tulisan, serta upaya-upaya formal seperti laporan ilmiah dan sandiwara atau lakon. Melalui analisis ini kita bisa lebih dalam membaca tulisan dan surat-surat Kartini dalam bahasa aslinya (Belanda), juga analisis terhadap terjemah, tafsir, ekstrapolasi, dan pemaknaan.
Masih ada berbagai metode analisis lain seperti Analisis Framing, Analisis Wacana Kritis, maupun Analisis Pasca Struktural atau Analisis Teks Pasca Modernisme. Jika Analisis Wacana lebih menekankan murni aspek-aspek linguistik, maka Analisis Wacana Kritis atau sering disebut Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) lebih memusatkan pada pertarungan kekuasaan (power struggle) melalui wacana, feminisme, dan dominasi kekuasaan (politik). Dalam nuansa ini pemikiran Kartini menjadi sangat relevan untuk masa kontemporer sekarang.
Demikianlah. Kartini telah menulis dan teks itu akan senantiasa hidup, terbuka dan abadi. Kita masih dapat mengeluarkan pundi-pundi pesan yang sangat berharga dalam surat-surat itu. Tulisan Kartini menjadi abadi karena merupakan wujud dari pikiran, ruh, dan batinnya.
Saya berandai-andai: jika waktu itu sudah ada alat komunikasi semacam handphone seperti saat ini, apakah Kartini akan berkomunikasi secara lisan dengan orang-orang dan sahabat-sahabatnya? Mungkin saja itu akan dilakukannya sambil lalu. Tetapi saya tidak yakin sepenuhnya, karena Kartini memahami betul bahwa menulis adalah tindakan yang paling manusiawi, dan dia menyadari bahwa sebuah teks sebagai tulisan lebih abadi ketimbang ucapan kata-kata.
Semoga akan makin banyak penelitian tentang tulisan dan teks-teks yang telah dirajut Kartini. Kita bisa merenungkan kembali pernyataan Jacques Derrida: “il n’y a pas de hors-texte” – tak ada apa pun di luar teks. Tabik dan salam.
Tulisan ini saya persembahkan untuk memperingati Haul RA Kartini ke-117, 17 September 1904 – 17 September 2021, termasuk yang diselenggarakan oleh Yayasan Kartini Indonesia di Jepara 17 September 2021.
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Dabney, William M. (1954).
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Tournaments which he has received or shared first include the 1969 Swedish Chess Championship, Göteborg 1971, Dortmund 1973, Camagüez 1974, Cienfuegos 1975, Belgrade 1977, Buenos Aires 1978, Hastings 1978-79, Phillips & Drew 1980, Johannesburg 1981, Phillips & Drew 1982, Turin 1982, Wijk aan Zee 1983, Reggio Emilia 1985, Rome 1985, and Rome 1986.
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Dwyer, William M (1983).
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